ABSENTEE SHAWNEE TRIBE OF INDIANS OF OKLAHOMA

v.

KANSAS

Citator

Cited By

• United States v. Frank Church, 955 F.2d 688 (11th Cir. 1992)
  …18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Agreement to participate in a RICO conspiracy, however, can be proved in either one of two ways: (1) by showing an “agreement on an overall objective,” United States v. Valera, 845 F. 2d 923, 929 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1046, 109 S.Ct. 1953, 104 L.Ed.2d 422 (1989); or (2) in the absence of an agreement on an overall objective, by showing that a defendant agreed personally to commit two predicate acts and therefore to participate in a “single objective” conspiracy. See…
• United States v. Gonzalez, 921 F.2d 1530 (11th Cir. 1991)
  …n a “single objective” conspiracy, the pattern requirement is met “[ojnly by demonstrating that the defendant agreed to personally commit two or more predicate acts.” Id. Finally United States v. Valera, 845 F. 2d 923 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1046, 109 S.Ct. 1953, 104 L.Ed.2d 422 (1989), offers guidance into how to determine that a defendant had agreed to participate in the affairs of the enterprise. The key is “agreement on an overall objective,” which can be proved by “circumstantial eviden…
• United States v. Castro, 89 F.3d 1443 (11th Cir. 1996)
  …have known that others were also conspiring to participate in the same enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity.” Sutherland, 656 F. 2d at 1193-94; see also, United States v. Valera, 845 F. 2d 923, 929-30 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1046, 109 S.Ct. 1953, 104 L.Ed.2d 422 (1989). In this ease, the indictment charged a single RICO conspiracy, and the government presented evidence that adequately proved the existence of a single conspiracy. At trial, Gelber testified that he informed…