CHRISTOPHER BREEDLOVE, APPELLANT,
v.
IN RE THE ESTATE OF WILMER BREEDLOVE, DECEASED, APPELLEE
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Christopher Breedlove sought to establish himself as the illegitimate son of Wilmer Breedlove and claim a share of Wilmer's intestate estate. The trial court denied his claims based on the absence of 'virtual adoption' or 'virtual legitimation' doctrines in Florida law. The appellate court affirmed the non-existence of these doctrines but reversed and remanded because the trial court failed to consider whether paternity could be established under Florida Statute § 732.108(2)(b) through clear and convincing evidence.
The court affirmed that 'virtual legitimation' and 'virtual adoption' are not recognized doctrines in Florida law. However, the court reversed and remanded because the trial court failed to consider § 732.108(2)(b), which allows a person born out of wedlock to establish lineal descent by proving paternity through clear and convincing evidence, even without a written acknowledgment or prior marriage of the parents.
[1] The doctrine of "virtual legitimation" does not exist as a distinct legal doctrine in Florida.
[2] A person born out of wedlock may establish paternity for purposes of intestate succession by an adjudication of paternity before or after the death of the father.
Previewing 2 of 4 headnotes on this case. FLexlaw’s editorially structured points of law — every proposition, pinpointed — are reserved for members.
Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligence“a person born out of wedlock is a lineal descendant of his father if '[t]he paternity of the father is established by an adjudication before or after the death of the father.'”
Establishes the statutory basis for Christopher's potential inheritance through paternity adjudication rather than virtual adoption.
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Join FLexlaw to unlock all legal intelligenceWilmer Breedlove died intestate, survived by his siblings and ex-wife Leona. Christopher Breedlove claimed to be Wilmer's illegitimate son born to Mar…
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WIGGINTON, Judge.
Wilmer Breedlove died intestate. He was survived by Christopher Breedlove and by his brothers and sisters. He was also survived by his former wife, Leona, from whom he had recently been divorced.
Following Wilmer’s death, Christopher Breedlove claimed ownership of Wilmer’s property on the basis that he was Wilmer’s illegitimate son born by Mary White Johnson, a former employee of Wilmer. In claiming ownership of the property, Christopher gave Leona Breedlove a life estate in the property.
However, Wilmer Breed-love’s brother, Ben Breedlove, petitioned to administer Wilmer’s estate. Ben obtained letters of administration and sought to evict Leona from the property. Christopher filed a timely objection to the petition and sought removal of Ben as personal representative, the revocation of the letters of administration and the appointment of Leona as the successor personal representative.
Additionally, Christopher petitioned the court to adjudicate his paternity, to determine the heirs of Wilmer Breedlove, and to declare himself a lineal descendant of Wilmer Breedlove.
Ben Breedlove moved to dismiss Christopher’s claims contending, in essence, that Christopher was not a lineal descendant within the meaning of section 732.108, Florida Statutes (1989). The court considered the pleadings and papers filed by the parties, and memoranda of law in support of their positions. The parties stipulated to include in the record depositions of Christopher and his natural mother Mary White Johnson.
Pertinent to the issues raised in this appeal is the portion of the court's order concluding that Christopher had not established that he had been virtually adopted by Wilmer Breedlove, and that the doctrine of “virtual legitimation” does not exist in Florida law. The court therefore denied Christopher’s claims and actions.
We affirm the trial court’s order to the extent that the facts did not establish “virtual adoption” and that “virtual legitimation” does not exist as a distinct doctrine in Florida law.
However, in denying Christopher’s petition to have himself declared a lineal descendant of Wilmer Breedlove, the trial court apparently did not consider section 732.108(2)(b) which provides that a person born out of wedlock is a lineal descendant of his father if “[t]he paternity of the father is established by an adjudication before or after the death of the father.” Thus, by virtue of that subsection, the putative heir, for purposes of intestate succession, may prove paternity by evidence other than a written acknowledgment of paternity by the father or the marriage of the natural parents before or after the birth of the person born out of wedlock. See section 732.108(2)(a) and (c).
However, the standard of proof under section 732.108(2)(b) should be clear, strong and unequivocal, that is, the person born out of wedlock should prove paternity by clear and convincing evidence. See In re Estate of Odom, 397 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981). Since the trial court did not consider the evidence in terms of section 732.108(2)(b), we reverse and remand the cause for the trial court to reconsider this issue. An evidentiary hearing for such purpose may be held.1
REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
SMITH and KAHN, JJ., concur. . Because of our disposition of this case in this manner, we do not reach Christopher Breed-love’s point challenging the constitutionality of section 732.108 on the basis that it allegedly denies equal protection of law to illegitimate children. But see In re Estate of Burris, 361 So. 2d 152 (Fla.1978), wherein the supreme court held the predecessor statute, section 731.29(1), unconstitutional for restricting an illegitimate child’s right to inherit intestate property of its natural father's estate, but noted that the statute had been amended by the legislature to add subsection (b) to allow an illegitimate child to take an intestate share if the paternity of the child was adjudicated either before or after the death of the father.
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Williams v. The Est. OF Nero Pender, 738 So. 2d 453 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999)…ce the trial court did not consider the evidence in terms of section 732.108(2)(b), we reverse and remand the cause for the trial court to reconsider this issue. An evidentiary-hearing for such purpose may be held. Breedlove v. Estate of Breedlove, 586 So. 2d 466, 467 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (statutory citations omitted) (emphasis added). Breedlove thus provides persuasive support for a “clear and convincing” standard of proof. The majority of states moreover impose the “clear and convincing” standard, or a stan…
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Thurston v. Thurston, 777 So. 2d 1001 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000)…or after the birth of the person born out of wedlock; (b) the paternity of the father is established by an adjudication before or after the death of the father; (c) the father acknowledges the paternity in writing. Breedlove v. Estate of Breedlove, 586 So. 2d 466, 467 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991). We agree with the trial court that both subparagraphs (a) and (b) of section 732.108(2) require an adjudication of paternity based upon clear and convincing evidence submitted by the person born out of wedlock. Id. The inst…
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Fagan v. Cramer, 877 So. 2d 945 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004)…ion (b) permits paternity to be proven “by evidence other than a written acknowledgment of paternity by the father or the marriage of the natural parents before or after the birth of the person born out of wedlock.” Breedlove v. Estate of Breedlove, 586 So. 2d 466, 467 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991). Such evidence must be clear and convincing. Id. Although at the time of the summary judgment Fagan did not as yet have evidence to meet the requirements of subsections (a) or (c), Fagan did present evidence that Lee’s brot…
Authorities Cited
- In re the Est. of Daymon C. Burris, 361 So. 2d 152 (Fla. 1978)
- Jordan v. State, 397 So. 2d 420 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981)