G.J.B. & ASSOCIATES, INC., A FLORIDA CORPORATION; GLENN J. BEADLE; RUTH BEADLE, ON THEIR OWN BEHALF, AND AS TO THE CAUSES OF ACTION ASSERTED ON BEHALF OF BROWN EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION, FOR ITS USE AND BENEFIT ON A DERIVATIVE BASIS; ALBERT O. ROY; MARK V. BERLAND; ROBERT J. QUINN; WINSTON CHURCHILL; W.B. PEARSON; ANN L. GIORDANO; HARLAN L. BERLAND; DARRELL J. LUNDGREN; AND C.C. POLLEN COMPANY, PLAINTIFFS,

v.

JOHN D. SINGLETON; KENNETH H. REISERER; BECKETT PARTNERSHIP; JOHNNY BROWN; BROWN EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION; RICHARD BROOKE; JOHN DOES 1 THROUGH 20; BETTY BROWN, ALSO KNOWN AS "BOOTS"; ANN MARGOLIS, SPECIAL ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF HARRY MARGOLIS; AND JOHN D. SINGLETON, DOING BUSINESS AS SINGLETON & REISERER, DEFENDANTS; EARL D. MILLS; W. WAYNE MILLS; AND ROBERT F. BOURK, APPELLEES, V. JOHN A. CLARO, MOVANT-APPELLANT

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.

Movant-appellant John Claro, an attorney, challenges the district court’s sua sponte imposition of sanctions upon him for violating Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 & 16(f) during trial of a legal malpractice action. Reviewing the district court’s determination under an abuse of discretion standard, Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., — U.S.-, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 2461, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990) (Rule 11 standard); Ikerd v. Lacy, 852 F. 2d 1256, 1258 (10th Cir.1988) (Rule 16(f) standard), we sustain the Rule 16(f) sanction as lawfully imposed, but vacate the Rule 11 sanction for want of procedural due process.¹

I.

On direct examination, Claro was questioning his client, plaintiff Glenn Beadle, about a critical meeting with the defendant tax attorneys. Claro asked Beadle if he had taken any notes during the meeting and whether the notes would refresh Beadle’s recollection of the meeting. Rec. vol. VIII at 73. When Beadle answered “yes,” to both inquiries, defendants’ respective counsel objected because they had not received a copy of the notes and were unaware of their existence, despite four years of litigation and a notice of deposition duc-es tecum requesting Beadle to provide “[a]ny and all documents and/or evidence” in support of his allegations. Id. at 73-74. Claro’s response to the court was threefold: (1) the defendants did not request the notes, (2) the notes were not exhibits to be submitted into evidence, and (3) the notes were “absolute just hen-scratching.” Id. at 76-77.

The district court found that Claro should have produced the notes to defense counsel pursuant to their discovery request once Beadle located the notes and Claro knew the notes would be used at trial. Id. at 79-80.2

The district court permitted Claro to continue his examination of Beadle without the notes for the remainder of the day. At day’s end, however, the court found that Claro had failed to comply with (1) the court’s pretrial scheduling orders and (2) his continuing duty to produce requested discovery documents. Id. at 97.

The court directed Claro to give defense counsel an opportunity to depose Beadle based on the notes. The court, which earlier had sanctioned Claro in related litigation for similar misconduct, Roy v. American Professional Mktg., Inc., 117 F.R.D. 687, 690-91 (W.D. Okla.1987), further ordered him to pay all fees and costs associated with Beadle’s deposition in lieu of striking Beadle’s testimony. Id. at 98-99.3 The following day, the district court entered a written order reprimanding Claro for his conduct. Rec. vol. I at doc.

439. A copy of the order was disseminated to all federal judicial officers in the Western District of Oklahoma.

Thereafter, Claro filed a motion under Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(1) & (6) to vacate the district court’s order, asserting that the court (1) denied him notice and hearing, and (2) lacked any pretrial or discovery orders to support a reprimand. Rec. vol. I at doc.

455. At the motion hearing, the district court read to Claro the language of its April 20, 1988 pretrial standing order requiring “plaintiffs to identify the specific exhibits to be introduced or discussed in connection with the direct examination of each witness.” Rec. vol. XII at 6-7 (emphasis in original). The court reminded Claro that this language was incorporated into its standing order as a direct result of complaints the court received concerning Claro’s trial tactics in the Roy case. Id. at 6, 17-19.

The district court rejected as “patently frivolous” Claro’s argument that the notes were not “exhibits” within the meaning of the court’s standing order. Id. at 36.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered detailed findings into the record and sanctioned Claro $185 for his failure to reveal the notes to opposing counsel prior to Beadle’s direct examination. Id. at 35-40. The court then imposed an additional $185 sanction upon Claro for filing a “frivolous” motion to vacate. Id. at 39.

The $370 sanction represented four hours of opposing counsel’s billable time. Lastly, the district court admonished Claro that it would report any future misconduct to disciplinary authorities. Id. at 40.

That same day, the court entered a minute order imposing the cost of Beadle’s deposition upon Claro as well. Rec. vol. I at doc. 484. II.

Initially, we express concern over our jurisdiction to consider Claro’s appeal although the issue has not been raised. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3) (“Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the action.”) (emphasis added). Claro filed his notice of appeal within thirty days after the district court’s order ruling on his motion to vacate and setting the amount of his fine, see Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(1), but before the district court’s denial of his client Beadle’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict under Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e). See Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(4) (notice of appeal filed before disposition of Rule 59(e) motion ineffective).

Thus, we have jurisdiction over Claro’s appeal only if an order imposing sanctions against an attorney currently of record represents a “final decision” under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 or comes within an exception to the § 1291 finality requirement. Otherwise, Claro’s notice of appeal was prematurely filed.

A.

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, circuit courts “have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts_” The Supreme Court has described a final decision as generally “one which ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233, 65 S.Ct. 631, 633, 89 L.Ed. 911 (1945). To date, only the Ninth Circuit has held that an order imposing sanctions upon counsel currently of record is final and appealable under § 1291 when imposed. E.g., Mesirow v. Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 703 F. 2d 339, 345 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 820, 104 S.Ct. 83, 78 L.Ed.2d 93 (1983).

In contrast, a number of circuits have held that a sanction order against present counsel is not a final decision within the meaning of § 1291 because an adjudication on the merits of the underlying controversy has yet to occur. E.g., DeSisto College, Inc. v. Line, 888 F. 2d 755, 761-62 (11th Cir.1989), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 110 S.Ct. 2219, 109 L.Ed.2d 544 (1990); In re Licht & Semonoff, 796 F. 2d 564, 569-70 (1st Cir.1986); Frazier v. Cast, 771 F. 2d 259, 261 (7th Cir.1985).

Without undue analysis, we join the majority of circuit courts that have addressed the issue and hold that a sanction order against an attorney currently of record is not a final decision for purposes of a § 1291 appeal where the underlying controversy remains unresolved. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S. 368, 373-75, 101 S.Ct. 669, 672-74, 66 L.Ed.2d 571 (1981) (general requirement of § 1291 is that all appeals await final judgment on the merits). At the time of the district court’s sanction order, Claro was actively representing a party to the litigation.

Consequently, Claro had a continuing interest in and connection to the litigation. We cannot consider the sanction order, which resulted from Claro’s failure to disclose notes relating to the substance of his client’s malpractice claims against defendants, as wholly separate from the merits of the case.

B.

Despite their general agreement on the interlocutory nature of a sanction order against counsel of record, the circuit courts are sharply divided on the question of whether such an order is immediately appealable as an exception to the “final decision” rule under the collateral order doctrine first announced in Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949).4 “To come within the ‘small class’ of decisions excepted from the final-judgment rule by Cohen, the order must conclusively determine the disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.” Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 2458, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978) (emphasis added).

The Second, Seventh and Eleventh Circuits have held that an order imposing sanctions upon an attorney is immediately appealable under the Cohen doctrine. Cheng v. GAF Corp., 713 F. 2d 886, 889-90 (2d Cir.1983) (§ 1927 sanctions); Frazier, 771 F. 2d at 262 (Rule 11 sanctions); DeSisto College, 888 F. 2d at 762-63 (Rule 11 sanctions).

In denying an immediate appeal of attorney sanctions, however, the First, Third and Fifth Circuits have relied on the third requisite of the Cohen doctrine to hold that postponing the appeal would not cause the sanctioned party irreparable harm. In re Licht & Semonoff, 796 F. 2d 564, 570-73 (1st Cir.1986) (Rule 26(g) sanctions); Eastern Maico Distrib., Inc. v. Maico-Fahrzeugfabrik, 658 F. 2d 944, 948-49 (3d Cir.1981) (Rule 37(a)(4) sanctions); Click v. Abilene Nat’l Bank, 822 F. 2d 544, 545 (5th Cir.1987) (Rule 11 sanctions).

Since Cohen, the Supreme Court has attempted to define when an order is “effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.” In United States v. Ryan, 402 U.S. 530, 533, 91 S.Ct. 1580, 1582, 29 L.Ed.2d 85 (1971), the Court indicated an appeal of a collateral order is permissible only when the “denial of immediate review would render impossible any review whatsoever of an individual’s claims.... ” And in United States v. MacDonald, 435 U.S. 850, 860, 98 S.Ct. 1547, 1552-53, 56 L.Ed.2d 18 (1978), the Supreme Court described the third requirement of Cohen as involving “an asserted right the legal and practical value of which would be destroyed if it were not vindicated before trial.” Given this definite language, we agree with Judge Timbers assessment:

[Supreme Court decisions] clearly indicate that the effectively unreviewable requirement imposes a heavy burden on a party seeking review of an interlocutory collateral order. Clearly the Supreme Court, when using language such as rendering any review “impossible” or “destroying” a party’s right to appeal, did not contemplate that a court of appeals would find the collateral order doctrine apposite when the prospect of a party losing his right to appeal from a collateral order after entry of final judgment is mere speculation — and especially when it is more probable that no injury will occur if an appeal is postponed until after entry of judgment in the underlying action.

Cheng, 713 F. 2d at 894-95 (Timbers, J., dissenting); accord In re Licht & Semonoff, 796 F. 2d at 571.

The closest we have come to addressing the issue is our decision in D & H Marketers, Inc. v. Freedom Oil & Gas, Inc., 744 F. 2d 1443 (10th Cir.1984) (en banc).

In that case, we recognized that Cohen and its progeny would not permit us to establish a broad rule permitting interlocutory appeals of sanction orders; accordingly, we held that a district court’s sanction order defaulting some but not all the parties to the lawsuit was riot appealable until termination of the entire matter. The en banc court noted: “Attorneys and parties will be fully aware that they must bear the burden of sanctions to the conclusion of the case and appeal on the merits of the fully adjudicated case.... ” Id. at 1446 (emphasis added).5 Mindful of Supreme Court precedent and our language in D & H Marketers, we join the First, Third and Fifth Circuits and hold that a sanction order against counsel currently of record is not appealable under the Cohen collateral order exception to the final judgment rule.6 Instead, counsel must await the conclusion of the underlying lawsuit and then appeal under § 1291.

We reject any notion that an attorney risks losing the right to appeal if the parties settle or elect not to appeal from the final judgment. Contra DeSisto, 888 F. 2d at 763; Frazier, 771 F. 2d at 262; Cheng, 713 F. 2d at 890. In Dietrich Corp. v. King Resources Co., 596 F. 2d 422, 423-24 (10th Cir.1979), we held that a legal consultant to lead counsel in the case could appeal the district court’s fee determination: “Obviously under all the circumstances [the consultant] is an aggrieved party and his property interest can be protected only by recognizing this as one of those extraordinary cases where a nonparty may be allowed to appeal.” With Dietrich as controlling precedent, we see nothing to prohibit an attorney of record from appealing a sanction order when the main case concludes. Such an appeal is best heard after final judgment since the appellate court will likely need to review the record as a whole to determine the propriety of sanctions. In re Licht & Semonoff, 796 F. 2d at 572. This is especially true where, as here, the sanctions arise from a discovery dispute over the relevance of certain documents to the case.

Like the Third Circuit in Eastern Maico, 658 F. 2d at 949, we also are concerned about the possibility of delay if an attorney may appeal immediately the imposition of sanctions. Indeed, it would be ironic to allow an appeal from a sanction order, inevitably delaying lower court proceedings, when that order may have resulted from tactics that already unjustifiably delayed the proceedings. While we are aware that a sanction order may have some affect on the attorney-client relationship, Thomas E. Hoar, Inc. v. Sara Lee Corp., 882 F. 2d 682, 686 (2d Cir.1989), this possibility alone is not enough to make the order “effectively unreviewable” at a later time. An attorney’s obligation is to serve the client’s interests at all times ethically. See Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717, 727-28, 106 S.Ct. 1531, 1537-38, 89 L.Ed.2d 747 (1986).

C.

Applying our holding to the instant case would result in the dismissal of Claro’s appeal as prematurely filed. Whether our holding should apply to this appeal, however, depends upon three factors first enunciated in Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106-07, 92 S.Ct. 349, 355-56, 30 L.Ed.2d 296 (1971): Before applying a decision nonretroactively, we must consider whether (1) the decision establishes a new principle of law the resolution of which was not clearly foreshadowed, (2) the decision’s purpose would be retarded by its retroactive application, and (3) the decision’s retroactive application would produce inequitable results. Accord American Trucking Assoc., Inc. v. Smith, — U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 2323, 2331, 110 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990) (plurality).

As we noted in Jackson v. City of Bloomfield, 731 F. 2d 652, 654 (10th Cir.1984) (en banc): “This ‘approach has consistently been utilized where ... aspects of the timeliness of a claim are at issue.’ ” (quoting Occhino v. United States, 686 F. 2d 1302, 1308 n. 7 (8th Cir.1982)).

Our holding that a sanction order against an attorney presently of record is not immediately appealable undoubtedly establishes a new principle of law in this circuit which was not clearly foreshadowed by pri-or decisions. The sharp split between the circuit courts as to the Cohen doctrine’s applicability and the absence of any binding circuit precedent made our holding difficult, if not impossible, to foretell.

Consequently, to apply our holding retroactively would be inequitable. The malpractice action underlying Claro’s appeal has long since reached final judgment in the district court and has recently been affirmed on the merits in this court. G.J.B. & Assoc., Inc..v. Singleton, Nos. 88-2571 & 88-2640, unpub. order. (10th Cir. Aug. 3, 1990). If we dismiss Claro’s appeal for want of jurisdiction, he will be remediless for the time has passed to file a new notice of appeal from the final judgment. While the aim of our holding — to effectuate the purposes of the final judgment rule — would not be hampered by its retroactive application, the small benefit we would gain by applying our holding retroactively does not outweigh the inequity which would result from such a determination.

Accordingly, we conclude that our holding should not apply retroactively, and now turn to the merits of Cla-ro’s appeal.

III.

The due process clause of the fifth amendment, U.S. Const, amend. V, requires that an attorney facing sanctions in federal court be given notice and an opportunity to be heard before final judgment. White v. General Motors Corp., 908 F. 2d 675, 686 (10th Cir.1990).

The process due, however, depends upon the severity of the considered sanctions: "The due process concerns posed by an outright dismissal are plainly greater than those presented by assessing counsel fees against lawyers.” Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767 n. 14, 100 S.Ct. 2455, 2464 n. 14, 65 L.Ed.2d 488 (1980), superceded by 28 U.S.C. § 1927 (as amended Sept. 12, 1980).

Likewise, the process due if a district court threatens to strike testimony is more substantia] than that required for the imposition of attorneys’ fees and costs related to a deposition, the latter being a relatively moderate sanction. See In re Sanction of Baker, 744 F. 2d 1438, 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1014, 105 S.Ct. 2016, 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985) ($350 sanction considered modest); see also rec. vol. VIII at 98-99. Yet prior to imposing fees and costs upon an attorney for whatever reason, the district court should provide the attorney with an opportunity to fully brief the issue. An oral or evidentiary hearing, however, is not required. Braley v. Campbell, 832 F. 2d 1504, 1514-15 (10th Cir.1987) (en banc); compare Ocelot Oil Corp. v. Sparrow Indus., 847 F. 2d 1458, 1466 (10th Cir.1988) (due process does not require separate oral hearings on whether monetary sanctions are warranted and the amount to be imposed).

If the district court ultimately imposes sanctions, detailed findings are necessary to identify the objectionable conduct and provide for meaningful appellate review. Braley, 832 F. 2d at 1513.

A.

Cognizant of the fundamental nature of due process demands, we have no choice but to set aside that portion of the district court’s order imposing Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 sanctions upon Claro for filing a “frivolous” motion to vacate the sanctions relating to his nondisclosure of pertinent documents. Claro was given neither notice that the court was considering Rule 11 sanctions, nor an opportunity to respond either before or after their imposition. At the conclusion of the hearing on the motion to vacate, the district court simply imposed an additional $185 sanction on Claro sua sponte.7 The district court’s error in failing to provide Claro any due process whatsoever in relation to the Rule 11 sanctions constitutes an abuse of discretion. Cooter & Gell, 110 S.Ct. at 2459 (district court's legal errors in imposing sanctions constitute an abuse of discretion).

On remand, the district court must provide Claro with the required process if the court wishes to reconsider Rule 11 sanctions against Claro in view of this opinion.

B.

The district court’s Fed.R.Civ.P. 16(f) sanctions against Claro require a more involved analysis. Rule 16(f) provides: If a party or a party’s attorney fails to obey a scheduling or pretrial order ... the judge, upon motion or the judge’s own initiative, may make such orders with regard thereto as are just.... In lieu of or in addition to any other sanction, the judge shall require the party or the attorney representing the party or both to pay the reasonable expenses incurred because of any noncompliance with this rule, including attorney’s fees, unless the judge finds that the noncompliance was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.

The purpose of this provision is two-fold: (1) to insure efficient case management and disposition and (2) to compensate opposing parties for the inconvenience and expense resulting from an adversary’s noncompliance with these objectives. In re Sanction of Baker, 744 F. 2d at 1440-41. Thus, under Rule 16(f), “neither contumacious attitude nor chronic failure is a necessary threshold to the imposition of sanctions.” Id. at 1440.